.Printing is a process for reproducing text and using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include and objects such as the and the. The earliest known form of printing as applied to paper was, which appeared in China before 220 AD. Later developments in printing technology include the invented by around 1040 AD and the invented by in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the and the, and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.
Main article:The earliest surviving woodblock printed fragments are from China. They are of silk printed with flowers in three colours from the Han Dynasty (before 220 A.D.). They are the earliest example of woodblock printing on paper and appeared in the mid-seventh century in China.By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, and the first extant complete printed book containing its date is the of 868. By the tenth century, 400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day.Printing spread early to and Japan, which also used Chinese, but the technique was also used in and using a number of other scripts.
This technique then spread to Persia and Russia. This technique was transmitted to Europe via the Islamic world, and by around 1400 was being used on paper for. However, Arabs never used this to print the because of the limits imposed by Islamic doctrine. In the Near East Block printing, called tarsh in, developed in during the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly for prayers.
There is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks made from non-wood materials, possibly, lead, or clay. The techniques employed are uncertain, however, and they appear to have had very little influence outside of the.
Though Europe adopted woodblock printing from the Muslim world, initially for fabric, the technique of metal block printing remained unknown in Europe. Block printing later went out of use in Islamic Central Asia after movable type printing was introduced from China. In Europe.
The earliest known, 1423, with hand-colouringBlock printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the technique transferred very quickly to small religious images and printed on paper.
These produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onward.Around the mid-fifteenth-century, block-books, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with. These were all short heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the and the were the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, the majority view, followed the introduction of, with the range of estimated dates being between about 1440 and 1460. Movable-type printing. See also:Movable type is the system of printing and using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from struck. Allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing.Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by out of. Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood.
He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which 'proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters'.Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing ofissued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the dynasty.Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The, published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was used, adapted from the method of casting coins.
The character was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into the mould, and finally the type was polished. The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as 'extremely similar to Gutenberg's'. Eastern metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th century and the early 15th century. The invention of printing, anonymous, design by, collectionAround 1450, introduced the first movable type printing system in Europe. He advanced innovations in casting type based on a matrix and, adaptations to the screw-press, the use of an oil-based ink, and the creation of a softer and more absorbent paper.
Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, copper and bismuth – the same components still used today. Johannes Gutenberg started work on his around 1436, in partnership with Andreas Dritzehen – whom he had previously instructed in gem-cutting – and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill.Compared to, movable type page setting and printing using a press was faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces were sturdier and the lettering more uniform, leading to. The high quality and relatively low price of the (1455) established the superiority of movable type for Western languages. The printing press rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the, and later. Main article:The rotary printing press was invented by in 1843. It uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates.
Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by.Printing capacity The table lists the maximum number of pages which various press designs could print per hour.Hand-operated pressesSteam-powered presses-stylec. Main article:Offset printing is a widely used printing technique.
Offset printing is where the inked image is transferred (or 'offset') from a plate to a rubber blanket. An offset transfer moves the image to the printing surface. When used in combination with the process, a process based on the repulsion of oil and water; the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier. So, the image to be printed obtains from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the non-printing areas ink-free.Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using the technique of offset lithography.Gravure. Main article:Gravure printing is an technique, where the image being printed is made up of small depressions in the surface of the printing plate.
The cells are filled with ink, and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor blade. Then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells.
The printing cylinders are usually made from copper plated steel, which is subsequently chromed, and may be produced by diamond engraving; etching, or ablation.Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates, such as kitchen worktops.Flexography is a type of relief printing.The relief plates are typically made from.The process is used for flexible packaging, labels, newspapers.In this market it competes with gravure printing by holding 80% of the market in USA, 50% in Europe but only 20% in Asia. Other printing techniques The other significant printing techniques include:., used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, and also to print a variety of materials: from high quality papers simulating offset printing, to floor tiles.
Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mail pieces. (toner printing) mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons., popular for its ability to print on complex three-dimensional surfaces., mainly used for. for a variety of applications ranging from T-shirts to floor tiles, and on uneven surfaces., used mainly for high value documents such as currencies., popular in the 1990s for fax printing. Used today for printing labels such as airline baggage tags and individual price labels in supermarket deli counters.Impact of German movable type printing press Quantitative aspects.
Replica of the Gutenberg press at the in Carson, CaliforniaIn the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic scripts, was strongly opposed throughout the, though sometimes printing in or was permitted. Thus the first movable type printing in the was in Hebrew in 1493. According to an imperial ambassador to in the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a sin for the to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan issued a decree under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death. At the end of the sixteenth century, Sultan permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in characters, yet the majority were imported from.
Established the first press for printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the. It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters. Printing did not become common in the Islamic world until the 19th century.Jews were banned from German printing; as a result Hebrew printing sprang up in, beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno, and Mantua. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses to publish Hebrew books, and many of those printed during this period carry the words 'con licenza de superiori' (indicating their printing having been licensed by the censor) on their title pages.It was thought that the introduction of printing 'would strengthen religion and enhance the power of monarchs.'
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The majority of books were of a religious nature, with the church and crown regulating the content. The consequences of printing 'wrong' material were extreme.
Meyrowitz used the example of who in 1584 printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence of his action was.Social impact Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build directly on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones without the changes arising within verbal traditions.
Print, according to in his 1895 lecture On the Study of History, gave 'assurance that the work of the would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had depressed the would never recur, that not an idea would be lost'. Bookprinting in the 16th centuryPrint was instrumental in changing the social nature of reading.identifies two long-term effects of the invention of printing. Digital Printers can now not just print leaflets and documents, but also scan, fax, copy and make booklets plus more.